{"id":12512,"date":"2026-06-26T09:54:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-26T07:54:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wood-kplus.at\/organic-semiconductors-on-paper-for-moisture-monitoring-in-natural-composites\/"},"modified":"2026-07-07T10:25:13","modified_gmt":"2026-07-07T08:25:13","slug":"organic-semiconductors-on-paper-for-moisture-monitoring-in-natural-composites","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wood-kplus.at\/en\/organic-semiconductors-on-paper-for-moisture-monitoring-in-natural-composites\/","title":{"rendered":"Organic Semiconductors on Paper for Moisture Monitoring in Natural Composites"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"12512\" class=\"elementor elementor-12512 elementor-12353\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-782e52b2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"782e52b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d72d3c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d72d3c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-91cc4ef elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-calendar\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M12 192h424c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v260c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V204c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12zm436-44v-36c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48h-48V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H160V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v36c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h424c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>6-26-2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41761e53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41761e53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"Headline2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #b37652;\"><span style=\"text-transform: none;\">Combining 3D printing, Drop-Casting and Screen-Printing for residue-free sensor fabrication<\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9df420e e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9df420e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0414a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0414a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Continuously monitoring material moisture is essential for a widespread use of natural fiber-reinforced composite materials. The natural hygroscopicity of natural fibers and their degradation when exposed to high moisture levels for a longer time currently limits their use in load-bearing applications. The i\u00b3Sense project investigated how material-integrated condition monitoring can be implemented and, at the same time, focusing on natural, fiber-based materials for the preparation. Paper as a carrier material offers the advantage that, when integrated into natural fiber composites, it is completely permeated by the low-viscosity resin, thus achieving optimal bonding to the surrounding material. In addition, the organic semiconductor Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), well-known for its high sensitivity to changes in relative air humidity, is suitable to be applied to paper substrates.     <\/p><p>However, traditional micro-structuring processes, such as photolithography, are not compatible with paper substrates. Within i\u00b3Sense we developed an approach that makes it possible to manufacture sensors using simple, cost-effective methods. To do this, frame structures were printed onto a paper substrate using a 3D-printer, they were filled with the liquid semiconductor using drop casting and were then dried in the frame. The frame is removed afterwards. Electrical contact was established using a screen-printing process with flexible silver paste.  <\/p><p>The sensors fabricated using this approach show a fast and reversible response to changes in relative humidity (Figure 1), as well as retaining full functionality and sensitivity after embedding into the composite. They show excellent performance especially at lower gravimetric material moisture contents (Figure 2). With this, they are well suited to detect early stages of water ingress into the material, preventing structural damage. <\/p><h4><span style=\"color: #b37652;\"><strong>Impacts and effects<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><p>Material moisture in natural fiber composites can reliably be detected using organic layers on paper. This approach represents a valuable step towards permanent monitoring of natural composites and contributes to making them more attractive as a nature-based construction material by increasing the long-term safety of the material through integrated monitoring. At the same time, paper as a sensor substrate results in an improved material adhesion inside the composite part.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e1b9c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7e1b9c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"287\" src=\"https:\/\/wood-kplus.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Sensor-response-for-two-different-sensor-geometries-embedded-into-natural-fiber-composite-768x287.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-11169\" alt=\"Sensor response for two different sensor geometries embedded into natural fiber composite\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wood-kplus.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Sensor-response-for-two-different-sensor-geometries-embedded-into-natural-fiber-composite-768x287.webp 768w, https:\/\/wood-kplus.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Sensor-response-for-two-different-sensor-geometries-embedded-into-natural-fiber-composite-300x112.webp 300w, https:\/\/wood-kplus.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Sensor-response-for-two-different-sensor-geometries-embedded-into-natural-fiber-composite-1024x383.webp 1024w, https:\/\/wood-kplus.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Sensor-response-for-two-different-sensor-geometries-embedded-into-natural-fiber-composite.webp 1225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Sensor response for two different sensor geometries embedded into natural fiber composite (FLAXPREG), (\u00a9 Photo: IMSAS)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc7b9d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dc7b9d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/wood-kplus.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Response-of-six-PEDOT-PSS-sensors-of-the-same-geometry-over-changing-relative-humidity-1024x400.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11167\" alt=\"Response of six PEDOT PSS sensors of the same geometry over changing relative humidity\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wood-kplus.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Response-of-six-PEDOT-PSS-sensors-of-the-same-geometry-over-changing-relative-humidity-1024x400.webp 1024w, https:\/\/wood-kplus.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Response-of-six-PEDOT-PSS-sensors-of-the-same-geometry-over-changing-relative-humidity-300x117.webp 300w, https:\/\/wood-kplus.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Response-of-six-PEDOT-PSS-sensors-of-the-same-geometry-over-changing-relative-humidity-768x300.webp 768w, https:\/\/wood-kplus.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Response-of-six-PEDOT-PSS-sensors-of-the-same-geometry-over-changing-relative-humidity.webp 1225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Response of six PEDOT:PSS sensors of the same geometry over changing relative humidity from 20 to 80 % rH, 70\u00b0C (\u00a9 Photo: IMSAS) <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Combining 3D printing, Drop-Casting and Screen-Printing for residue-free sensor fabrication <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":11921,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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